Here's what 6 years of driving on Mars did to the wheels on NASA's Curiosity rover (video)

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A new time-lapse video from NASA's Curiosity rover reveals years of punishing Martian travel, as its wheels churn steadily across the Red Planet's rugged terrain.

The video, captured by Curiosity's right navigation camera, compresses more than six years of driving into about two minutes. Spanning from early 2020 to 2026, the footage looks back over the rover's deck as its aluminum wheels roll across Mars and endure varied terrain ranging from large rocky slabs to fine dust and debris, according to a statement from the space agency.

"Curiosity's team is using this timelapse to watch for sand grains shifting on the rover's deck," officials said in the NASA statement. "Distinguishing between sand jostled by each drive and wind gusts can provide new information about seasonal changes in the atmosphere."

The rover's camera wasn't intended to create a cinematic record. It typically points behind the rover during drives, helping mission teams identify interesting rocks and terrain features after Curiosity passes them. But by stitching together thousands of routine images, engineers created a continuous record of motion and environmental change, offering a rare, long-term perspective on what it takes to explore another world.

Now, scientists can even use the footage to study how sand accumulates and shifts across the rover's deck, distinguishing material moved by the wheels from that carried by Martian winds — subtle clues about seasonal patterns in the planet's thin atmosphere.

The video also highlights a more hard-won reality of Mars exploration: wear and tear. Curiosity's six wheels, each about 20 inches (50 centimeters) in diameter, were designed to handle sharp and uneven ground. Yet the Martian surface has proven harsher than expected. Not long after landing in 2012, engineers began noticing damage to the thin aluminum wheels, including punctures and tears caused by jagged rocks.

Over time, images released by NASA have shown the damage becoming more pronounced. Close-up photos reveal dents, holes and large gashes, some cutting through the wheel skin. Photos released in 2024 showed fresh scars alongside older ones, underscoring the cumulative effects of more than a decade on Mars. Despite this, the rover remains fully mobile — a testament to both its design and careful driving strategies developed by mission engineers.

Keeping Curiosity on a safe and sustainable course includes plotting routes that avoid particularly hazardous terrain whenever possible. Lessons learned from the rover's wheel damage have not only helped guide Curiosity's mission but have also shaped the design of newer Mars rovers, including Perseverance rover, whose wheels were reinforced to better withstand the planet's unforgiving surface.

What makes the new time-lapse especially striking is the sense of time it conveys. Since its landing, Curiosity has traveled more than 20 miles (32 kilometers) across Gale Crater, climbing the lower slopes of Mount Sharp and traversing layers of rock that record billions of years of Martian history. The battered, dust-coated wheels seen turning in the video are physical evidence of that journey — each rotation marking another step in a mission that has far exceeded its original two-year lifespan.

That longevity has paid off scientifically. Curiosity has fundamentally reshaped our understanding of Mars, confirming that ancient environments in Gale Crater could have supported microbial life. The rover has identified evidence of long-lived lakes, measured key chemical ingredients and, in recent years, detected increasingly complex organic molecules preserved in Martian rocks.

The new time-lapse video offers a mesmerizing record of endurance and discovery — a reminder that even the simplest perspective, a camera aimed at a set of worn wheels, can capture the scale of a robotic mission that continues to push the boundaries of exploration on another planet.