Why has the US-China trade war restarted and how have markets reacted?

With nearly a month to go before the deadline for the US and China to reach a deal in their trade war, goodwill between the two countries appears to have been swept off the table in recent days. China announced that it was once again restricting the export of critical minerals, prompting the US president, Donald Trump, to announce tariffs of 100% on US-bound Chinese exports, scuppering, at least for now, hopes that global economic chaos could be averted.

Why has the US-China trade war restarted?

On Thursday, China’s commerce ministry announced enhanced restrictions on the export of rare earths, citing national security concerns.

China’s chokehold on the global supply chain of rare earths – minerals found in the Earth’s crust that are used to make everything from consumer electronics to cars to military equipment – has been a sticking point in the trade war. China produces more than 90% of the world’s processed rare earths and controls about 70% of the world’s mining.

Trump responded by calling China’s decision “extremely hostile” and announcing across the board tariffs of 100% on Chinese imports. There had previously been a pause on the US-China tariffs until 10 November, when the two sides were due to agree a deal.

China’s rare earths announcement did not come out of the blue. Last month, the US announced enhanced controls on the export of chipmaking equipment to China, aimed at closing perceived loopholes in Washington’s plans to deprive China of advanced semiconductors.

This is not the first time that Beijing has exploited its control of rare earths. In April, exports were restricted, causing manufacturing slowdowns around the world. It temporarily lifted those restrictions a few months later.

“Beijing is effectively reactivating its April playbook – escalating first to force a negotiation reset, rather than waiting passively for the next talks,” said Hutong Research, an independent advisory firm based in Beijing and Shanghai.

What progress had been made in recent months?

The return of hostilities comes after there had been some signs of thawing on both sides.

In September, the US and China reached a deal on TikTok, the Chinese-owned social media app that faced being banned in the US if its parent company, Bytedance, did not divest. After talks in Madrid, Beijing and Washington agreed to a deal in which the platform would switch to US-controlled ownership. China called the agreement a “win-win”. Trump and Xi Jinping, China’s president, spoke on the phone that week to confirm the deal.

News of the deal was followed by a group of US lawmakers visiting China for the first time since 2019. They met China’s premier, Li Qiang, and talked of the need to “break the ice”.

But it has not all been plain sailing. As well as disagreements over access to chipmaking equipment, the US and China have been at loggerheads over China’s purchases of Russian oil and declining soybean exports from the US to China. Since Trump’s first trade war in 2018, China has reduced its reliance on the US for key commodities.

Will Trump and Xi meet to negotiate a new deal?

Trump and Xi were expected to meet at the Apec summit in South Korea, which starts at the end of this month. There was also talk of Trump visiting Beijing in January. Both those meetings seem less likely now.

“I was to meet President Xi in two weeks, at Apec, in South Korea, but now there seems to be no reason to do so,” Trump wrote on the social media platform Truth Social on Friday.

How have the markets reacted?

US markets reacted negatively to the news. The S&P 500 Index slid by more than 2% following Trump’s announcement about the 100% tariffs, the biggest one-day fall since April.

Some analysts speculated that the stockmarkets could put pressure on Trump to walk back the latest levies. On Sunday, he appeared to soften his tone towards Xi, writing on Truth Social that “it will all be fine” and that “The USA wants to help China, not hurt it!!!” European markets rebounded slightly on the news.

But all eyes will now be on Beijing to see if it imposes counter-tariffs. On Sunday, the commerce ministry said China would pursue “resolute measures to protect its legitimate rights and interests”. China may also renege on the TikTok deal, which could do more political damage than tit-for-tat tariffs.